Articles from 2022

How to Run Shorter A/B Tests?

Shorter A/B Tests

Running shorter tests is key to improving the efficiency of experimentation as it translates to smaller direct losses from testing inferior experiences and also less unrealized revenue due to late implementation of superior ones. Despite this, many practitioners are yet to start conducting tests at the frontier of efficiency. This article presents ways to shorten […] Read more…

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Comparison of the statistical power of sequential tests: SPRT, AGILE, and Always Valid Inference

Power and Average Sample Size of Sequential Tests

In A/B testing sequential tests are gradually becoming the norm due to the increased efficiency and flexibility that they grant practitioners. In most practical scenarios sequential tests offer a balance of risks and rewards superior to that of an equivalent fixed sample test. Sequential monitoring achieves this superiority by trading statistical power for the ability […] Read more…

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Statistical Power, MDE, and Designing Statistical Tests

Statistical Power and MDE Demystified

One topic has surfaced in my ten years of developing statistical tools, consulting, and participating in discussions and conversations with CRO & A/B testing practitioners as causing the most confusion and that is statistical power and the related concept of minimum detectable effect (MDE). Some myths were previously dispelled in “Underpowered A/B Tests – Confusions, […] Read more…

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What Can Be Learned From 1,001 A/B Tests?

Meta Analysis

How long does a typical A/B test run for? What percentage of A/B tests result in a ‘winner’? What is the average lift achieved in online controlled experiments? How good are top conversion rate optimization specialists at coming up with impactful interventions for websites and mobile apps? This meta-analysis of 1,001 A/B tests analyzed using […] Read more…

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Fully Sequential vs Group Sequential Tests

Sequential Testing Compared

What is the best design for a statistical test with sequential evaluation of the data at multiple points in time? This is a question anyone who has realized that unaccounted for peeking with intent to stop is the bane of A/B testing eventually comes to ask. So how does one go about answering that? This […] Read more…

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When Session-Based Metrics Lie

Per Session Metrics In AB Testing

In online A/B testing it is not uncommon to see session-based metrics being used as the primary performance indicator. Session-based conversion rates and session-based averages (like average revenue per session, in likeness to ARPU) are often reported by default in software by prominent vendors, including Google Optimize and Google Analytics. This widespread availability makes session-based […] Read more…

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A/B Testing Statistics – A Concise Guide for Non-Statisticians

AB Testing Statistics

Navigating the maze of A/B testing statistics can be challenging. This is especially true for those new to statistics and probability. One reason is the obscure terminology popping up in every other sentence. Another is that the writings can be vague, conflicting, incomplete, or simply wrong, depending on the source. Articles sprinkled with advanced math, […] Read more…

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P-values and Confidence Intervals Explained

P-values and confidence intervals explained

Hundreds if not thousands of books have been written about both p-values and confidence intervals (CIs) – two of the most widely used statistics in online controlled experiments. Yet, these concepts remain elusive to many otherwise well-trained researchers, including A/B testing practitioners. Misconceptions and misinterpretations abound despite great efforts from statistics educators and experimentation evangelists. […] Read more…

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Top Misconceptions About Scientific Rigor in A/B Testing

Have you ever thought that statistically rigorous A/B tests are impractical? Or do you have trouble selling the need for rigor in testing to your clients, coworkers, or boss? This article debunks the top five myths about the necessity and difficulties of applying scientific method in online A/B testing. Read more…

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Improve your A/B tests with 9 lessons from the COVID-19 vaccine trials

Lessons for Online AB Testing from the COVID Vaccine Trials

A full year has passed since results from the first clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccines became available. Vast swaths of follow-up observational data are now in circulation which enables some conclusions about the strengths and weaknesses of those trials. Since modern medical trials are among the most rigorous and scrutinized experiments they can serve as […] Read more…

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