Articles on cardinality estimates

Analytics Toolkit to discontinue Google Analytics-related functionalities

Discontinuing Google Analytics Functionalities

Analytics Toolkit was conceived in 2012 as a set of tools that automate essential Google Analytics-related tasks and augment the GA functionalities in various ways. This goal was achieved in the years since with the release of over a dozen tools utilizing the Google Analytics API. These were accompanied by dozens of in-depth technical articles […] Read more…

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The Perils of Using Google Analytics User Counts in A/B Testing

Google Analytics User Data in AB Testing

(Updated Sep 2022 & Jan 2023 to include updated information about Google Analytics 4) Many analysts, marketers, product managers, UX and CRO professionals nowadays rely on user counts provided by Google Analytics, Adobe Analytics, or similar tools, in order to perform various statistical analyses. Such analyses may involve the statistical hypothesis tests and estimations part […] Read more…

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The Effect of Using Cardinality Estimates Like HyperLogLog in Statistical Analyses

This article will examine the effects of using the HyperLogLog++ (HLL++) cardinality estimation algorithm in applications where its output serves as input for statistical calculations. A prominent example of such a scenario can be found in online controlled experiments (online A/B tests) where key performance measures are often based on the number of unique users, […] Read more…

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